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  1. #21
    Quote Originally Posted by allodial View Post
    Or they are trained avoid being on the hook for ANYTHING so they only go by 'regular folk do'. (Possibly related: CYA).

    Cover your A$$ET$ for those sensitive to language .
    CYA is a policy .

    Now may be a good time to introduce the concept of assumpsit .....

  2. #22
    Assumpsit

    [Latin, He undertook or he promised.] A promise by which someone assumes or undertakes an obligation to another person. The promise may be oral or in writing, but it is not under seal. It is express when the person making the promise puts it into distinct and specific language, but it may also be implied because the law sometimes imposes obligations based on the conduct of the parties or the circumstances of their dealings.

    Assumpsit was one of the common-law Forms of Action. It determined the right to sue and the relief available for someone who claimed that a contract had been breached.

    When the Common Law was developing in England, there was no legal remedy for the breach of a contract. Ranulf Glanvill, a famous legal scholar, wrote just before the year 1200 that "[i]t is not the custom of the court of the lord king to protect private agreements, nor does it concern itself with such contracts as can be considered private agreements." Ordinary lawsuits could be heard in local courts, but the king was primarily interested in royal rights and the disputes of his noblemen. As commerce began to develop, the king's courts did allow two forms of action for breach of contract—the actions of Covenant and debt. Covenant could be maintained only if the agreement had been made in writing and under seal and only if the action of debt was not available. One could sue on the debt only if the obligations in the contract had been fully performed and the breach was no more than a failure to pay a specific sum of money.

    Finally, in 1370, a plaintiff sought to sue a defendant who had undertaken to cure the plaintiff's horse but treated it so negligently that the horse died, and the action was allowed. In 1375, another man was permitted to sue a surgeon who had maimed him while trying to cure him. These cases showed a new willingness to permit a lawsuit for monetary damages arising directly from the failure to live up to an agreement. For the next hundred years the courts began to allow lawsuits for badly performed obligations but not for a complete failure to perform what was required by contract. Unexpectedly, this restriction was abandoned also, and a new form of action was recognized by the courts, an action in special assumpsit for breach of an express agreement.

    Special assumpsit gave a new legal right to parties who could not sue on a debt. Gradually, it became possible to sue in assumpsit if the defendant owed a debt and then violated a fresh promise to pay it. This action came to be known as indebitatus assumpsit, which means "being indebted, he promised."

    As time passed, courts were willing to assume that the fresh promise had been made and to impose obligations as if it had. This allowed lawsuits for a whole range of contract breaches, not just those recognized by an action on the debt or in special assumpsit. If the plaintiff could claim that services had been performed or goods had been delivered to the defendant, then the law would assume that the defendant had promised to pay for them. Any failure to do so gave the plaintiff the right to sue in assumpsit. This development allowed such a wide range of lawsuits based on promises to private parties that it came to be known as general assumpsit.

    Eventually, the right to sue was extended even to situations where the defendant had no intention to pay but it was only fair that he or she be made to do so. This form was called assumpsit on quantum meruit. Special assumpsit, general assumpsit (or indebitatus assumpsit), and quantum meruit are all ex contractu, arising out of a contract. Their development is the foundation of our modern law of contracts.

    Cross-references

    Quantum Meruit.
    ASSUMPSIT, contracts. An undertaking either express or implied, to perform a parol agreement. 1 Lilly's Reg. 132.
    2. An express assumpsit is where one undertakes verbally or in writing, not under seal, or by matter of record, to perform an act, or to pa a sum of money to another.
    3. An implied assumpsit is where one has not made any formal promise to do an act or to pay a sum of money to another, but who is presumed from his conduct to have assumed to do what is in point of law just and right; for, 1st, it is to be presumed that no one desires to enrich himself at the expense of another; 2d, it is a rule that he who desires the antecedent, must abide by the consequent; as, if I receive a loaf of bread or a newspaper daily sent to my house without orders, and I use it without objection, I am presumed to have accepted the terms upon which the person sending it had in contemplation, that I should pay a fair price for it; 3d, it is also a rule that every one is presumed to assent to what is useful to him. See Assent

    ASSUMPSIT, remedies, practice., A form of action which may be defined to be an action for the recovery of damages for the non-performance of, a parol or simple contract; or, in other words, a contract not under seal, nor of record; circumstances which distinguish this remedy from others. 7 T. R. 351; 3 Johns. Cas. 60. This action differs from the action of debt; for, in legal consideration, that is for the recovery of a debt eo nomine, and in numero, and may be upon a deed as well as upon any other contract. 1 h. Bl. 554; B. N. P. 167. If differs from covenant, which, though brought for the recovery of damages, can only be supported upon a contract under seal. See Covenant.
    2. It will be proper to consider this subject with reference, 1, to the contract upon which this action may be sustained; 2, the declaration 3, the plea; 4, the judgment.
    3.-1. Assumpsit lies to recover damages for the breach of all parol or simple contracts, whether written or not written express or implied; for the payment of money, or for the performance or omission of any other act. For example, to recover, money lent, paid, or had and received, to the use of the plaintiff; and in some cases, where money has been received by the defendant, in consequence of some tortious act to the plaintiff's property, the plaintiff may waive the tort, and sue the defendant in assumpsit. 5 Pick. 285; 1 J. J. Marsh. 543 3 Watts, R. 277; 4 Binn. 374; 3 Dana, R. 552; 1 N. H. Rep. 151; 12 Pick. 120 4 Call. R. 461; 4 Pick. 452. It is the proper remedy for work and. labor done, and services rendered 1 Gill, 95; 8 S. & M. 397 2 Gilman, 1 3 Yeates, 250 9 Ala. 788 but such work, labor, or services, must be rendered at the request, express or implied, of the defendant; 2 Rep. Cons. Ct. 848; 1 M'Cord, 22; 20 John. 28 11 Mass. 37; 14 Mass. 176; 5 Monr. 513 1 Murph. 181; for goods sold and delivered; 6 J. J. Marsh. 441; 12 Pick. 120; 3 N. H. Rep. 384; 1 Mis. 430; for a breach of promise of marriage. 3 Mass. 73 2 Overton, 233 2 P. S. R. 80. Assumpsit lies to recover the purchase money for land sold; 14 Johns. R. 210; 14 Johns. R. 162; 20 Johns. R. 838 3 M'Cord, R. 421; and it lies, specially, upon wagers; 2 Chit. Pl. 114; feigned issues; 2 Chit. Pl. 116; upon foreign judgments; 8 Mass. 273; Dougl. 1; 3 East, 221; 11 East, 124; 3 T. R. 493; 5 Johns. R. 132. But it will not lie on a judgment obtained in a sister state. 1 Bibb, 361 19 Johns. 162; 3 Fairf. 94; 2 Rawle, 431. Assumpsit is the proper remedy upon an account stated. Bac. Ab. Assumpsit, A. It will lie for a corporation, 2 Lev. 252; 1 Camp. 466. In England it does not lie against a corporation, unless by express authority of some legislative act; 1 Chit. Pl. 98; but in this country it lies against a corporation aggregate, on an express or implied promise, in the same manner as against an individual. 7 Cranch, 297 9 Pet. 541; 3 S. & R. 117 4 S. & R. 16 12 Johns. 231; 14 Johns. 118; 2 Bay, 109 1 Chipm. 371, 456; 1 Aik. 180 10 Mass, 397. But see 3 Marsh. 1; 3 Dall. 496.
    4.-2. The declaration must invariably disclose the consideration of the contract, the contract itself, and the breach of it; Bac. Ab. h.t. F 5 Mass. 98; but in a declaration on a negotiable instrument under the statute of Anne, it is not requisite to, allege any consideration; 2 Leigh, R. 198; and on a note expressed to have been given for value received, it is not necessary to aver a special consideration. 7 Johns. 321. See Mass. 97. The gist of this action is the promise, and it must be averred. 2 Wash. 187 2 N. H. Rep. 289 Hardin, 225. Damages should be laid in a sufficient amount to cover the real amount of the claim. See 4 Pick. 497; 2 Rep. Const. Ct. 339; 4 Munf. 95; 5 Munf. 23; 2 N. H. Rep. 289; 1 Breese, 286; 1 Hall, 201; 4 Johns. 280; 11 S. & R. 27; 5 S. & R. 519 6 Conn. 176; 9 Conn. 508; 1 N. & M. 342; 6 Cowen, 151; 2 Bibb, 429; 3 Caines, 286.
    5.-3. The usual plea is non-assumpsit, (q.v.) under which the defendant may give in evidence most matters of defence. Com. Dig. Pleader, 2 G 1. When there are several defendants they cannot plead the general issue severally; 6 Mass. 444; nor the same plea in bar, severally. 13 Mass. 152. The plea of not guilty, in an action of assumpsit, is cured by verdict. 8 S. & R. 541; 4 Call. 451. See 1 Marsh, 602; 17 Mass. 623. 2 Greenl. 362; Minor, 254 Bouv. Inst. Index, h.t.
    6.-4. Judgment. Vide Judgment in Assumpsit. Vide Bac. Ab. h.t.; Com. Dig. Action upon the Case upon Assumpsit; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.; Viner's Ab. h.t.; 1 Chit. Pi. h.t.; Petersd. h.t.; Lawes Pl. in Assumpsit the various Digests, h.t. Actions; Covenant; Debt; Indebitatus assumpsit; Padum Constitutiae pecuniae.
    Other terms in similar vein:

    accommodation party
    co-signer
    constitutor
    Last edited by shikamaru; 06-20-11 at 02:21 PM.

  3. #23
    Now is a good time to introduce another term that can be an excellent habit and custom of practice: NON-ASSUMPSIT

    Non assumpsit is technically a form of pleading, but I see it as a habit of practice. Why accept the liabilities of others?
    Why become usufruct for another's gain and benefit?

    Extinguish the rights of others latched to you personally or your affairs and property.

  4. #24
    Senior Member Michael Joseph's Avatar
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    Quote Originally Posted by allodial View Post

    However, one perspective is that once you reach 13, 18 or 21 years of age you can walk away from the contract--but apparently they like to make you seem to continue willingly and knowingly --with full knowledge and revelation--from cradle to grave. "Under 21" in some perspectives = infant. But the encouragement to want a driver license so you can go out clubbing or gain access to places/things that come with being 21--oh so there are gimmicks to encourage you to keep it up past 21.
    Ignorance of mom and dad feed that compulsion - "I can't wait to drive" says the impatient teenager. Other restraints in regard to alcohol feed the EGO - "I can't wait till I turn 21" - that would sort of make the DL a benefit, yes? I can't wait to be able to make my own decisions without mom and dad, says a totally ignorant child, even if he/she is 21 years of age.

    a Poem by Lewis Carroll:

    How doth the little crocodile
    Improve his shining tail,
    And pour the waters of the Nile
    On every golden scale!

    How cheerfully he seems to grin,
    How neatly spreads his claws,
    And welcomes little fishes in
    With gently smiling jaws!


    But a benefit from what Trust Structure? Clearly this is commercially encouraged - may I see your ID says the banker, says the 7-11 clerk - these are also known as Agents for Trustee.

    And the judge asks the young man - how is it that you are here today? Did you use one of our Cars built by a US Corporation? did you use gas delivered to you by a US Corporation? To wit the boy returned volley - "do you make a claim on God?"
    The blessing is in the hand of the doer. Faith absent deeds is dead.

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  5. #25
    Could a registration form be a gift form ?

    Gift ... donation ... the customs of Roman Civil Law may shed more light and give credence to this theory.

    The res is donated to the State. The State grants it back ... with conditions.

    Sort of like what King John did with Pope Innocent III by donating his lands and crown to the Vatican with the Vatican granting it back with stipulations. King John then paid yearly tribute to the Pope.
    Last edited by shikamaru; 08-13-11 at 12:25 PM.

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